SUGAR GLIDER DAN INDONESIA

Nama Latin: Petaurus Breviceps
Asal lokasi : Indonesia, Australia, Papua.
Badan:12.7cm Ekor: 15cm
Berat: Jantan140g Betina120g
Umur Dewasa: Jantan 6bulan; Betina 8-12 bulan
karena umur 1 tahunpun sudah dewasa kelamin..tetap jangan dikimpoi dulu
Jumlah anak: 1-2, bisa 3 ekor meskipun jarang
Masa Hamil: 14-16 hari
Musim kimpoi: tidak ada musim tertentu
Makanan: Elm Sap, Pollen, Madu, Serangga
Sugar glider adalah mamalia marsupial, seperti kangguru. Mamalia marsupial hanya menghabiskan waktu yang singkat perkembangan di dalam perut ibunya dan sangat kecil pada saat lahir. Setelah lahir, bayi marsupial akan merangkak ke kantong ibunya dan pemberian makanan lewat susu ibunya dan terus tumbuh dan berkembang.

Makanan untuk Sugar Glider
makanan bayi (bubur susu), madu, yogurt, sayuran / buah-buahan seperti apel, wortel, ubi, pisang dll
boleh telur rebus, keju, dog/cat food
SG butuh makanan yg high protein, high kalsium, low phospor, low fat, etc
karena SG itu termasuk pemilih dalam hal makanan (un-balanced diet), harap bersabar dalam menyusun menu...sebab bisa saja hari ini dia doyan apel..tapi belum tentu besok dia doyan, juga berbeda setiap binatangnya


Berikut ini ada beberapa makanan atau selingan yang boleh diberikan kepada Sugar Glider :
Buah-buahan 
* Apple (Dengan atau Tanpa kulit)
* aprikot
* pisang
* blackberry
* bluberi
* belewah
* Ceri (Manis)
* kelapa
* cranberry
* ara
* anggur (lihat pembahasan tentang kontroversi anggur )
* madu
* nangka
* Kiwi
* jeruk (tidak memberi makan setiap hari)
* mangga
* melon
* pepaya
* Markisa
* persik
* pir
* nanas
* raspberi
* stroberi
* jeruk keprok
* semangka

Sayur-sayuran
* asparagus
* rebung
* Brokoli
* Kubis (Hijau & Merah)
* wortel
* kol bunga
* seledri
* Jagung (yang berwarna kuning) (jangan diberi makan setiap hari)
* Mentimun (Dengan atau Tanpa kulit)
* dandelion Hijau
* Kacang Hijau
* jamur (hati-hati dengan jamur yang beracun)
* Peterseli (tidak memberi makan setiap hari)
* lobak
* Kacang polong (warna hijau) (tidak memberi makan setiap hari)
* labu kuning
* lobak
* Bayam (tidak memberi makan setiap hari)
* ubi jalar
* Tomat (Hijau & Merah)
* Lobak Hijau (tidak memberi makan setiap hari)
* selada air
* ubi
Jenis makanan lain yang SG suka
* ayam (pastikan tanpa tulang dan dimasak) direbus dengan air.
* Telur (orak arik dan yg telah direbus) 
* Serangga (yang telah diternakkan, jangan mengambil dr alam liar) jangkrik, mealworm, belalang
* Yogurt (jangan diberi makan setiap hari)

Makanan yang berbahaya - Makanan untuk dihindari
* Makanan bayi (yang mengandung bawang atau bawang putih untuk bumbu )
* kafein (kopi, teh, soda, coklat dll)
* makanan kaleng atau daging (mengandung sebagian yang biasanya ditambahkan garam dan gula)
* buah di dalam makanan kaleng (mengandung sebagian yang biasanya ditambahkan garam dan gula)
* keju (bisa menyebabkan penyumbatan usus yang mengarah ke sembelit)
* coklat (Hal ini menyebabkan reaksi kimia beracun di banyak hewan)
* makanan anjing dan kucing. (lihat pebahasannya di post yang tersedia)
* lemak (semua makanan yang mengandung lemak tinggi atau ditambahkan dengan lemak)
* makanan yang digoreng
* bawang putih
* serangga yang liar tertangkap
* millet (atau biji yang sangat kecil lainnya)
* kacang
* bawang
* biji dari buah
* daging olahan 
* zat kapur (Gunakan kalsium yang tidak mengandung fosfor)
* telur mentah.
* daging mentah (kecuali serangga hidup)
* garam (makanan yang telah ditambahkan dengan garam)
* gula (gula halus)
* makanan dengan tambahan gula 
sumber : disarikan dari berbagai sumber


Sugar Glider cenderung untuk memakan apa saja disekitarnya yang dia temui. Karena mereka kita pelihara dalam arti kita menyediakan makanan dan minuman untuk mereka. Tentu saja kesehatan mereka kita yang tentukan. Apabila kita memberikan makanan yang bergizi dan bermutu akan mengakibatkan mereka sehat dan sebaliknya apabila kita memberikan makanan yang tidak sehat akan mengakibatkan SG sakit bahkan mengalami kematian. Namun makanan yang seimbang juga sangat dibutuhkan. Kita tidak ingin SG kita mengalami obesitas atau kegemukan bukan???

Saran terbaik yang bisa saya berikan adalah, Jika ingin memberikan suatu makanan bagi SG. Apabila anda merasa itu adalah baik, BERIKAN SAJA !!!. Tapi JIKA ADA KERAGUAN... JANGAN BERIKAN !!!

Sekali lagi harap di ingat. Kita yang menentukan yang terbaik untuk SG kita. Apa yang kita berikan dan apa yang mereka makan, akan menentukan kesehatan mereka.

Berikut ini adalah beberapa daftar makanan yang tidak boleh dimakan oleh Sugar Glider :

* Jangan memberikan biji-2 an seperti biji kacang, biji2an dari buah dll. ini adalah berbahaya dan dapat menyebabkan penyumbatan usus.

* Jangan pernah memberikan SG anda telur mentah atau daging. Jika ingin memberikan telur sebaiknya di rebus dahulu.

* Coklat, kopi, teh dan soda sangat beracun untuk Sugar Glider, seperti dilarang untuk hewan peliharaan yang lain.

* Hindari bawang dan makanan yang mengandung bubuk bawang, hal ini diyakini menjadi racun bagi SG serta hampir semua hewan-hewan kecil lainnya. Periksa daftar bahan makanan bayi yang diberikan untuk SG, karena beberapa dari mereka mengandung bubuk bawang. Bawang diketahui menyebabkan masalah kesehatan, yang dikenal sebagai Heinz-body hemolytic anemia, pada hewan. Bawang mengandung disulfida dipropyl, yang dapat menghancurkan sel-sel darah merah.

* Hindari memberikan meski hanya sedikit, makanan yang memiliki kandungan lemak tinggi seperti kacang.


* Jangan memberikan serangga yang telah tertangkap di luar rumah, mereka mungkin telah kontak dengan pupuk atau insektisida. Belum lagi apabila serangga itu memakan atau mengandung parasit yang ada di luar rumah.

* Jangan memberikan SG anda junk food, seperti keripik, permen dll. Karena mengandung bahan pengawet dan zat kimia yang berbahaya.

* Hindari makanan-makanan kaleng, karena mengandung terlalu banyak gula, garam, dan pengawet.
* Hindari memberikan SG anda dahan atau cabang-cabang pohon yang berbahaya dan beracun.

Beberapa kontroversi yang terjadi di luar negeri tentang makanan yang dilarang untuk Sugar Glider

* Anggur dan Kismis

Beberapa pihak percaya bahwa memberikan anggur dan kismis sangat berbahaya untuk SG, karena dapat mengakibatkan gagal ginjal. 

Referensi bisa di baca di link berikut ini http://www.sugar-gliders.com/glidervet-53.htm 

* Cat food dan Dog Food

Pemberian Cat food dan Dog food untuk SG telah lama menjadi perdebatan yang menarik. Beberapa pihak percaya bahwa di dalam makanan kucing dan anjing yang berkualitas tinggi ini terdapat protein yang tinggi. Namun ada juga yang percaya termasuk saya, bahwa Cat food dan Dog food tidak boleh diberikan untuk SG. 

Untuk alasan apapun, menurut saya Cat food dan Dog food janganlah terlalu sering diberikan untuk SG. Banyak masalah kesehatan yang ditimbulkan oleh pemberian ini, seperti penyumbatan usus, sindrom rahang kental (lumpy jaw syndrome- saya kurang mengerti arti dari kata tersebut), dan bahkan kematian dari keseimbangan gizi yang tidak tepat.

Pendapat saya pribadi tentang kontroversi ini adalah : tidak akan memberikan makanan tersebut untuk SG kesayangan saya. Selagi perdebatan itu masih berlangsung tentang benar atau tidaknya. Saya ingin memberikan makanan yang terbaik dan aman untuk SG saya. 

Ini hanya beberapa daftar makanan yang tidak boleh diberikan untuk Sugar Glider. Sebenarnya banyak lagi makanan yang tidak boleh diberikan untuk SG. Jika Anda tidak yakin apakah aman atau tidak makanan itu, pemikiran yang baik adalah JANGAN DIBERIKAN JIKA TIDAK YAKIN. 

Maaf sekali lagi apabila tulisan ini banyak kesalahan.

Hasil penulisan ini adalah dari berbagai macam sumber di situs luar negeri.

Sumber referensi :

http://www.sweet-sugar-gliders.com/u...r-gliders.html

Nama Latin: Petaurus Breviceps
Asal lokasi : Indonesia, Australia, Papua.
Badan:12.7cm Ekor: 15cm
Berat: Jantan140g Betina120g
Umur Dewasa: Jantan 6bulan; Betina 8-12 bulan
karena umur 1 tahunpun sudah dewasa kelamin..tetap jangan dikimpoi dulu
Jumlah anak: 1-2, bisa 3 ekor meskipun jarang
Masa Hamil: 14-16 hari
Musim kimpoi: tidak ada musim tertentu
Makanan: Elm Sap, Pollen, Madu, Serangga
Sugar glider adalah mamalia marsupial, seperti kangguru. Mamalia marsupial hanya menghabiskan waktu yang singkat perkembangan di dalam perut ibunya dan sangat kecil pada saat lahir. Setelah lahir, bayi marsupial akan merangkak ke kantong ibunya dan pemberian makanan lewat susu ibunya dan terus tumbuh dan berkembang.

Makanan untuk Sugar Glider
makanan bayi (bubur susu), madu, yogurt, sayuran / buah-buahan seperti apel, wortel, ubi, pisang dll
boleh telur rebus, keju, dog/cat food
SG butuh makanan yg high protein, high kalsium, low phospor, low fat, etc
karena SG itu termasuk pemilih dalam hal makanan (un-balanced diet), harap bersabar dalam menyusun menu...sebab bisa saja hari ini dia doyan apel..tapi belum tentu besok dia doyan, juga berbeda setiap binatangnya


Berikut ini ada beberapa makanan atau selingan yang boleh diberikan kepada Sugar Glider :
Buah-buahan 
* Apple (Dengan atau Tanpa kulit)
* aprikot
* pisang
* blackberry
* bluberi
* belewah
* Ceri (Manis)
* kelapa
* cranberry
* ara
* anggur (lihat pembahasan tentang kontroversi anggur )
* madu
* nangka
* Kiwi
* jeruk (tidak memberi makan setiap hari)
* mangga
* melon
* pepaya
* Markisa
* persik
* pir
* nanas
* raspberi
* stroberi
* jeruk keprok
* semangka

Sayur-sayuran
* asparagus
* rebung
* Brokoli
* Kubis (Hijau & Merah)
* wortel
* kol bunga
* seledri
* Jagung (yang berwarna kuning) (jangan diberi makan setiap hari)
* Mentimun (Dengan atau Tanpa kulit)
* dandelion Hijau
* Kacang Hijau
* jamur (hati-hati dengan jamur yang beracun)
* Peterseli (tidak memberi makan setiap hari)
* lobak
* Kacang polong (warna hijau) (tidak memberi makan setiap hari)
* labu kuning
* lobak
* Bayam (tidak memberi makan setiap hari)
* ubi jalar
* Tomat (Hijau & Merah)
* Lobak Hijau (tidak memberi makan setiap hari)
* selada air
* ubi
Jenis makanan lain yang SG suka
* ayam (pastikan tanpa tulang dan dimasak) direbus dengan air.
* Telur (orak arik dan yg telah direbus) 
* Serangga (yang telah diternakkan, jangan mengambil dr alam liar) jangkrik, mealworm, belalang
* Yogurt (jangan diberi makan setiap hari)

Makanan yang berbahaya - Makanan untuk dihindari
* Makanan bayi (yang mengandung bawang atau bawang putih untuk bumbu )
* kafein (kopi, teh, soda, coklat dll)
* makanan kaleng atau daging (mengandung sebagian yang biasanya ditambahkan garam dan gula)
* buah di dalam makanan kaleng (mengandung sebagian yang biasanya ditambahkan garam dan gula)
* keju (bisa menyebabkan penyumbatan usus yang mengarah ke sembelit)
* coklat (Hal ini menyebabkan reaksi kimia beracun di banyak hewan)
* makanan anjing dan kucing. (lihat pebahasannya di post yang tersedia)
* lemak (semua makanan yang mengandung lemak tinggi atau ditambahkan dengan lemak)
* makanan yang digoreng
* bawang putih
* serangga yang liar tertangkap
* millet (atau biji yang sangat kecil lainnya)
* kacang
* bawang
* biji dari buah
* daging olahan 
* zat kapur (Gunakan kalsium yang tidak mengandung fosfor)
* telur mentah.
* daging mentah (kecuali serangga hidup)
* garam (makanan yang telah ditambahkan dengan garam)
* gula (gula halus)
* makanan dengan tambahan gula 
sumber : disarikan dari berbagai sumber


Sugar Glider cenderung untuk memakan apa saja disekitarnya yang dia temui. Karena mereka kita pelihara dalam arti kita menyediakan makanan dan minuman untuk mereka. Tentu saja kesehatan mereka kita yang tentukan. Apabila kita memberikan makanan yang bergizi dan bermutu akan mengakibatkan mereka sehat dan sebaliknya apabila kita memberikan makanan yang tidak sehat akan mengakibatkan SG sakit bahkan mengalami kematian. Namun makanan yang seimbang juga sangat dibutuhkan. Kita tidak ingin SG kita mengalami obesitas atau kegemukan bukan???

Saran terbaik yang bisa saya berikan adalah, Jika ingin memberikan suatu makanan bagi SG. Apabila anda merasa itu adalah baik, BERIKAN SAJA !!!. Tapi JIKA ADA KERAGUAN... JANGAN BERIKAN !!!

Sekali lagi harap di ingat. Kita yang menentukan yang terbaik untuk SG kita. Apa yang kita berikan dan apa yang mereka makan, akan menentukan kesehatan mereka.

Berikut ini adalah beberapa daftar makanan yang tidak boleh dimakan oleh Sugar Glider :

* Jangan memberikan biji-2 an seperti biji kacang, biji2an dari buah dll. ini adalah berbahaya dan dapat menyebabkan penyumbatan usus.

* Jangan pernah memberikan SG anda telur mentah atau daging. Jika ingin memberikan telur sebaiknya di rebus dahulu.

* Coklat, kopi, teh dan soda sangat beracun untuk Sugar Glider, seperti dilarang untuk hewan peliharaan yang lain.

* Hindari bawang dan makanan yang mengandung bubuk bawang, hal ini diyakini menjadi racun bagi SG serta hampir semua hewan-hewan kecil lainnya. Periksa daftar bahan makanan bayi yang diberikan untuk SG, karena beberapa dari mereka mengandung bubuk bawang. Bawang diketahui menyebabkan masalah kesehatan, yang dikenal sebagai Heinz-body hemolytic anemia, pada hewan. Bawang mengandung disulfida dipropyl, yang dapat menghancurkan sel-sel darah merah.

* Hindari memberikan meski hanya sedikit, makanan yang memiliki kandungan lemak tinggi seperti kacang.


* Jangan memberikan serangga yang telah tertangkap di luar rumah, mereka mungkin telah kontak dengan pupuk atau insektisida. Belum lagi apabila serangga itu memakan atau mengandung parasit yang ada di luar rumah.

* Jangan memberikan SG anda junk food, seperti keripik, permen dll. Karena mengandung bahan pengawet dan zat kimia yang berbahaya.

* Hindari makanan-makanan kaleng, karena mengandung terlalu banyak gula, garam, dan pengawet.
* Hindari memberikan SG anda dahan atau cabang-cabang pohon yang berbahaya dan beracun.

Beberapa kontroversi yang terjadi di luar negeri tentang makanan yang dilarang untuk Sugar Glider

* Anggur dan Kismis

Beberapa pihak percaya bahwa memberikan anggur dan kismis sangat berbahaya untuk SG, karena dapat mengakibatkan gagal ginjal. 

Referensi bisa di baca di link berikut ini http://www.sugar-gliders.com/glidervet-53.htm 

* Cat food dan Dog Food

Pemberian Cat food dan Dog food untuk SG telah lama menjadi perdebatan yang menarik. Beberapa pihak percaya bahwa di dalam makanan kucing dan anjing yang berkualitas tinggi ini terdapat protein yang tinggi. Namun ada juga yang percaya termasuk saya, bahwa Cat food dan Dog food tidak boleh diberikan untuk SG. 

Untuk alasan apapun, menurut saya Cat food dan Dog food janganlah terlalu sering diberikan untuk SG. Banyak masalah kesehatan yang ditimbulkan oleh pemberian ini, seperti penyumbatan usus, sindrom rahang kental (lumpy jaw syndrome- saya kurang mengerti arti dari kata tersebut), dan bahkan kematian dari keseimbangan gizi yang tidak tepat.

Pendapat saya pribadi tentang kontroversi ini adalah : tidak akan memberikan makanan tersebut untuk SG kesayangan saya. Selagi perdebatan itu masih berlangsung tentang benar atau tidaknya. Saya ingin memberikan makanan yang terbaik dan aman untuk SG saya. 

Ini hanya beberapa daftar makanan yang tidak boleh diberikan untuk Sugar Glider. Sebenarnya banyak lagi makanan yang tidak boleh diberikan untuk SG. Jika Anda tidak yakin apakah aman atau tidak makanan itu, pemikiran yang baik adalah JANGAN DIBERIKAN JIKA TIDAK YAKIN. 

Maaf sekali lagi apabila tulisan ini banyak kesalahan.

Hasil penulisan ini adalah dari berbagai macam sumber di situs luar negeri.

Sumber referensi :

http://www.sweet-sugar-gliders.com/u...r-gliders.html

Diposting oleh Guppy di 20.53
Label:

'You've got to find what you love,' SteveJobs says


This is a prepared text of the Commencement address delivered by Steve Jobs, CEO of Apple Computer and of Pixar Animation Studios, on June 12, 2005.

Video of the Commencement address.
I am honored to be with you today at your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. I never graduated from college. Truth be told, this is the closest I've ever gotten to a college graduation. Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. That's it. No big deal. Just three stories.
The first story is about connecting the dots.
I dropped out of Reed College after the first 6 months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before I really quit. So why did I drop out?
It started before I was born. My biological mother was a young, unwed college graduate student, and she decided to put me up for adoption. She felt very strongly that I should be adopted by college graduates, so everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife. Except that when I popped out they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl. So my parents, who were on a waiting list, got a call in the middle of the night asking: "We have an unexpected baby boy; do you want him?" They said: "Of course." My biological mother later found out that my mother had never graduated from college and that my father had never graduated from high school. She refused to sign the final adoption papers. She only relented a few months later when my parents promised that I would someday go to college.
And 17 years later I did go to college. But I naively chose a college that was almost as expensive as Stanford, and all of my working-class parents' savings were being spent on my college tuition. After six months, I couldn't see the value in it. I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life and no idea how college was going to help me figure it out. And here I was spending all of the money my parents had saved their entire life. So I decided to drop out and trust that it would all work out OK. It was pretty scary at the time, but looking back it was one of the best decisions I ever made. The minute I dropped out I could stop taking the required classes that didn't interest me, and begin dropping in on the ones that looked interesting.
It wasn't all romantic. I didn't have a dorm room, so I slept on the floor in friends' rooms, I returned coke bottles for the 5¢ deposits to buy food with, and I would walk the 7 miles across town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple. I loved it. And much of what I stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on. Let me give you one example:
Reed College at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy instruction in the country. Throughout the campus every poster, every label on every drawer, was beautifully hand calligraphed. Because I had dropped out and didn't have to take the normal classes, I decided to take a calligraphy class to learn how to do this. I learned about serif and san serif typefaces, about varying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes great typography great. It was beautiful, historical, artistically subtle in a way that science can't capture, and I found it fascinating.
None of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life. But ten years later, when we were designing the first Macintosh computer, it all came back to me. And we designed it all into the Mac. It was the first computer with beautiful typography. If I had never dropped in on that single course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts. And since Windows just copied the Mac, it's likely that no personal computer would have them. If I had never dropped out, I would have never dropped in on this calligraphy class, and personal computers might not have the wonderful typography that they do. Of course it was impossible to connect the dots looking forward when I was in college. But it was very, very clear looking backwards ten years later.
Again, you can't connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backwards. So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future. You have to trust in something — your gut, destiny, life, karma, whatever. This approach has never let me down, and it has made all the difference in my life.
My second story is about love and loss.
I was lucky — I found what I loved to do early in life. Woz and I started Apple in my parents garage when I was 20. We worked hard, and in 10 years Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a $2 billion company with over 4000 employees. We had just released our finest creation — the Macintosh — a year earlier, and I had just turned 30. And then I got fired. How can you get fired from a company you started? Well, as Apple grew we hired someone who I thought was very talented to run the company with me, and for the first year or so things went well. But then our visions of the future began to diverge and eventually we had a falling out. When we did, our Board of Directors sided with him. So at 30 I was out. And very publicly out. What had been the focus of my entire adult life was gone, and it was devastating.
I really didn't know what to do for a few months. I felt that I had let the previous generation of entrepreneurs down - that I had dropped the baton as it was being passed to me. I met with David Packard and Bob Noyce and tried to apologize for screwing up so badly. I was a very public failure, and I even thought about running away from the valley. But something slowly began to dawn on me — I still loved what I did. The turn of events at Apple had not changed that one bit. I had been rejected, but I was still in love. And so I decided to start over.
I didn't see it then, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me. The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life.
During the next five years, I started a company named NeXT, another company named Pixar, and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife. Pixar went on to create the worlds first computer animated feature film, Toy Story, and is now the most successful animation studio in the world. In a remarkable turn of events, Apple bought NeXT, I returned to Apple, and the technology we developed at NeXT is at the heart of Apple's current renaissance. And Laurene and I have a wonderful family together.
I'm pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn't been fired from Apple. It was awful tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it. Sometimes life hits you in the head with a brick. Don't lose faith. I'm convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved what I did. You've got to find what you love. And that is as true for your work as it is for your lovers. Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you haven't found it yet, keep looking. Don't settle. As with all matters of the heart, you'll know when you find it. And, like any great relationship, it just gets better and better as the years roll on. So keep looking until you find it. Don't settle.
My third story is about death.
When I was 17, I read a quote that went something like: "If you live each day as if it was your last, someday you'll most certainly be right." It made an impression on me, and since then, for the past 33 years, I have looked in the mirror every morning and asked myself: "If today were the last day of my life, would I want to do what I am about to do today?" And whenever the answer has been "No" for too many days in a row, I know I need to change something.
Remembering that I'll be dead soon is the most important tool I've ever encountered to help me make the big choices in life. Because almost everything — all external expectations, all pride, all fear of embarrassment or failure - these things just fall away in the face of death, leaving only what is truly important. Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose. You are already naked. There is no reason not to follow your heart.
About a year ago I was diagnosed with cancer. I had a scan at 7:30 in the morning, and it clearly showed a tumor on my pancreas. I didn't even know what a pancreas was. The doctors told me this was almost certainly a type of cancer that is incurable, and that I should expect to live no longer than three to six months. My doctor advised me to go home and get my affairs in order, which is doctor's code for prepare to die. It means to try to tell your kids everything you thought you'd have the next 10 years to tell them in just a few months. It means to make sure everything is buttoned up so that it will be as easy as possible for your family. It means to say your goodbyes.
I lived with that diagnosis all day. Later that evening I had a biopsy, where they stuck an endoscope down my throat, through my stomach and into my intestines, put a needle into my pancreas and got a few cells from the tumor. I was sedated, but my wife, who was there, told me that when they viewed the cells under a microscope the doctors started crying because it turned out to be a very rare form of pancreatic cancer that is curable with surgery. I had the surgery and I'm fine now.
This was the closest I've been to facing death, and I hope it's the closest I get for a few more decades. Having lived through it, I can now say this to you with a bit more certainty than when death was a useful but purely intellectual concept:
No one wants to die. Even people who want to go to heaven don't want to die to get there. And yet death is the destination we all share. No one has ever escaped it. And that is as it should be, because Death is very likely the single best invention of Life. It is Life's change agent. It clears out the old to make way for the new. Right now the new is you, but someday not too long from now, you will gradually become the old and be cleared away. Sorry to be so dramatic, but it is quite true.
Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life. Don't be trapped by dogma — which is living with the results of other people's thinking. Don't let the noise of others' opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary.
When I was young, there was an amazing publication called The Whole Earth Catalog, which was one of the bibles of my generation. It was created by a fellow named Stewart Brand not far from here in Menlo Park, and he brought it to life with his poetic touch. This was in the late 1960's, before personal computers and desktop publishing, so it was all made with typewriters, scissors, and polaroid cameras. It was sort of like Google in paperback form, 35 years before Google came along: it was idealistic, and overflowing with neat tools and great notions.
Stewart and his team put out several issues of The Whole Earth Catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue. It was the mid-1970s, and I was your age. On the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous. Beneath it were the words: "Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish." It was their farewell message as they signed off. Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. And I have always wished that for myself. And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you.
Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish.
Thank you all very much.

This is a prepared text of the Commencement address delivered by Steve Jobs, CEO of Apple Computer and of Pixar Animation Studios, on June 12, 2005.

Video of the Commencement address.
I am honored to be with you today at your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. I never graduated from college. Truth be told, this is the closest I've ever gotten to a college graduation. Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. That's it. No big deal. Just three stories.
The first story is about connecting the dots.
I dropped out of Reed College after the first 6 months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before I really quit. So why did I drop out?
It started before I was born. My biological mother was a young, unwed college graduate student, and she decided to put me up for adoption. She felt very strongly that I should be adopted by college graduates, so everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife. Except that when I popped out they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl. So my parents, who were on a waiting list, got a call in the middle of the night asking: "We have an unexpected baby boy; do you want him?" They said: "Of course." My biological mother later found out that my mother had never graduated from college and that my father had never graduated from high school. She refused to sign the final adoption papers. She only relented a few months later when my parents promised that I would someday go to college.
And 17 years later I did go to college. But I naively chose a college that was almost as expensive as Stanford, and all of my working-class parents' savings were being spent on my college tuition. After six months, I couldn't see the value in it. I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life and no idea how college was going to help me figure it out. And here I was spending all of the money my parents had saved their entire life. So I decided to drop out and trust that it would all work out OK. It was pretty scary at the time, but looking back it was one of the best decisions I ever made. The minute I dropped out I could stop taking the required classes that didn't interest me, and begin dropping in on the ones that looked interesting.
It wasn't all romantic. I didn't have a dorm room, so I slept on the floor in friends' rooms, I returned coke bottles for the 5¢ deposits to buy food with, and I would walk the 7 miles across town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple. I loved it. And much of what I stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on. Let me give you one example:
Reed College at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy instruction in the country. Throughout the campus every poster, every label on every drawer, was beautifully hand calligraphed. Because I had dropped out and didn't have to take the normal classes, I decided to take a calligraphy class to learn how to do this. I learned about serif and san serif typefaces, about varying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes great typography great. It was beautiful, historical, artistically subtle in a way that science can't capture, and I found it fascinating.
None of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life. But ten years later, when we were designing the first Macintosh computer, it all came back to me. And we designed it all into the Mac. It was the first computer with beautiful typography. If I had never dropped in on that single course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts. And since Windows just copied the Mac, it's likely that no personal computer would have them. If I had never dropped out, I would have never dropped in on this calligraphy class, and personal computers might not have the wonderful typography that they do. Of course it was impossible to connect the dots looking forward when I was in college. But it was very, very clear looking backwards ten years later.
Again, you can't connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backwards. So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future. You have to trust in something — your gut, destiny, life, karma, whatever. This approach has never let me down, and it has made all the difference in my life.
My second story is about love and loss.
I was lucky — I found what I loved to do early in life. Woz and I started Apple in my parents garage when I was 20. We worked hard, and in 10 years Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a $2 billion company with over 4000 employees. We had just released our finest creation — the Macintosh — a year earlier, and I had just turned 30. And then I got fired. How can you get fired from a company you started? Well, as Apple grew we hired someone who I thought was very talented to run the company with me, and for the first year or so things went well. But then our visions of the future began to diverge and eventually we had a falling out. When we did, our Board of Directors sided with him. So at 30 I was out. And very publicly out. What had been the focus of my entire adult life was gone, and it was devastating.
I really didn't know what to do for a few months. I felt that I had let the previous generation of entrepreneurs down - that I had dropped the baton as it was being passed to me. I met with David Packard and Bob Noyce and tried to apologize for screwing up so badly. I was a very public failure, and I even thought about running away from the valley. But something slowly began to dawn on me — I still loved what I did. The turn of events at Apple had not changed that one bit. I had been rejected, but I was still in love. And so I decided to start over.
I didn't see it then, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me. The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life.
During the next five years, I started a company named NeXT, another company named Pixar, and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife. Pixar went on to create the worlds first computer animated feature film, Toy Story, and is now the most successful animation studio in the world. In a remarkable turn of events, Apple bought NeXT, I returned to Apple, and the technology we developed at NeXT is at the heart of Apple's current renaissance. And Laurene and I have a wonderful family together.
I'm pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn't been fired from Apple. It was awful tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it. Sometimes life hits you in the head with a brick. Don't lose faith. I'm convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved what I did. You've got to find what you love. And that is as true for your work as it is for your lovers. Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you haven't found it yet, keep looking. Don't settle. As with all matters of the heart, you'll know when you find it. And, like any great relationship, it just gets better and better as the years roll on. So keep looking until you find it. Don't settle.
My third story is about death.
When I was 17, I read a quote that went something like: "If you live each day as if it was your last, someday you'll most certainly be right." It made an impression on me, and since then, for the past 33 years, I have looked in the mirror every morning and asked myself: "If today were the last day of my life, would I want to do what I am about to do today?" And whenever the answer has been "No" for too many days in a row, I know I need to change something.
Remembering that I'll be dead soon is the most important tool I've ever encountered to help me make the big choices in life. Because almost everything — all external expectations, all pride, all fear of embarrassment or failure - these things just fall away in the face of death, leaving only what is truly important. Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose. You are already naked. There is no reason not to follow your heart.
About a year ago I was diagnosed with cancer. I had a scan at 7:30 in the morning, and it clearly showed a tumor on my pancreas. I didn't even know what a pancreas was. The doctors told me this was almost certainly a type of cancer that is incurable, and that I should expect to live no longer than three to six months. My doctor advised me to go home and get my affairs in order, which is doctor's code for prepare to die. It means to try to tell your kids everything you thought you'd have the next 10 years to tell them in just a few months. It means to make sure everything is buttoned up so that it will be as easy as possible for your family. It means to say your goodbyes.
I lived with that diagnosis all day. Later that evening I had a biopsy, where they stuck an endoscope down my throat, through my stomach and into my intestines, put a needle into my pancreas and got a few cells from the tumor. I was sedated, but my wife, who was there, told me that when they viewed the cells under a microscope the doctors started crying because it turned out to be a very rare form of pancreatic cancer that is curable with surgery. I had the surgery and I'm fine now.
This was the closest I've been to facing death, and I hope it's the closest I get for a few more decades. Having lived through it, I can now say this to you with a bit more certainty than when death was a useful but purely intellectual concept:
No one wants to die. Even people who want to go to heaven don't want to die to get there. And yet death is the destination we all share. No one has ever escaped it. And that is as it should be, because Death is very likely the single best invention of Life. It is Life's change agent. It clears out the old to make way for the new. Right now the new is you, but someday not too long from now, you will gradually become the old and be cleared away. Sorry to be so dramatic, but it is quite true.
Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life. Don't be trapped by dogma — which is living with the results of other people's thinking. Don't let the noise of others' opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary.
When I was young, there was an amazing publication called The Whole Earth Catalog, which was one of the bibles of my generation. It was created by a fellow named Stewart Brand not far from here in Menlo Park, and he brought it to life with his poetic touch. This was in the late 1960's, before personal computers and desktop publishing, so it was all made with typewriters, scissors, and polaroid cameras. It was sort of like Google in paperback form, 35 years before Google came along: it was idealistic, and overflowing with neat tools and great notions.
Stewart and his team put out several issues of The Whole Earth Catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue. It was the mid-1970s, and I was your age. On the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous. Beneath it were the words: "Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish." It was their farewell message as they signed off. Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. And I have always wished that for myself. And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you.
Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish.
Thank you all very much.
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